The Power Plant Of Satara And Supa Essay - 1025 Words

Wind power plant Supa power plant The power plant in satara and Supa (Maharashtra in India) is managed by Tata motors Ltd. Introduction The project activity has been undertaken to harness the available wind power potential located at two locations, named as Supa and Satara, in the state of Maharashtra. Project activity comprises of total 51 numbers wind converters, with each machine having a capacity of 350 kW and 3 numbers with each machine having a capacity of 1000 kW. Suzlon Energy Limited, India, supplied these machines. The purpose of the project is to harness renewable energy in the state and country, and thereby displacing non-renewable natural resources and leading to sustainable economic and environmental development. The electricity generated from this wind farm is supplied using internal electrical lines to a common local substation using transmission lines. PROJECT ACTIVITY The project activity involves development and operation of grid-connected wind based electricity generation facilities with aggregate installed capacity of 20.85 MW, located at two locations, named as Supa and Satara, in the state of Maharashtra. The objective of the project activity was to construct, operate, maintain and aggregate wind power projects in the Indian state of Maharashtra to provide renewable power to the state and use for captive purpose to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from reliance on fossil fuels. The project has led to reduced greenhouse gas emissions because it has

The Return Shadow Souls Chapter 12 Free Essays

string(74) " injuries were only more reasons why the kitsune twins had to be stopped\." Elena checked the edges of the hotel room’s draperies for signs of dawn. Bonnie was curled up, drowsing in a chair by the window. Elena and Meredith had been up all night, and now they were surrounded by scattered printouts, newspapers, and pictures from the Internet. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"It’s already spread beyond Fell’s Church,† Meredith explained, pointing to an article in one of the papers. â€Å"I don’t know if it’s following ley lines, or being controlled by Shinichi – or is just moving on its own, like any parasite.† â€Å"Did you try to contact Alaric?† Meredith glanced at Bonnie’s sleeping figure. She spoke softly, â€Å"That’s the good news. I’d been trying to get him forever, and I finally managed. He’ll be arriving in Fell’s Church soon – he just has one more stop first.† Elena drew her breath in. â€Å"One more stop that’s more important than what’s going on in that town?† â€Å"That’s why I didn’t tell Bonnie about him coming. Or Matt either. I knew they wouldn’t understand. But – I’ll give you one guess as to what kind of legends he’s following up in the Far East.† Meredith fixed dark eyes on Elena’s. â€Å"Not†¦it is, isn’t it? Kitsune?† â€Å"Yes, and he’s going to a very ancient place where they were supposed to have destroyed the town – just as Fell’s Church is being destroyed. Nobody lives there now. That name – Unmei no Shima – means the Island of Doom. Maybe he’ll find something important about fox spirits there. He’s doing some kind of multicultural independent study with Sabrina Dell. She’s Alaric’s age, but she’s already a famous forensic anthropologist.† â€Å"And you’re not jealous?† Elena said awkwardly. Personal issues were difficult to talk about with Meredith. Asking her questions always felt like prying. â€Å"Well.† Meredith tipped back her head. â€Å"It isn’t as if we have any formal engagement.† â€Å"But you never told anybody about all this.† Meredith lowered her head and gave Elena a quick look. â€Å"I have now,† she said. For a moment the girls sat together in silence. Then Elena said quietly, â€Å"The Shi no Shi, the kitsune, Isobel Saitou, Alaric and his Island of Doom – they may not have anything to do with each other. But if they do, I’m going to find out what it is.† â€Å"And I’m going to help,† Meredith said simply. â€Å"But I had thought that after I graduated†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena couldn’t stand it anymore. â€Å"Meredith, I promise, as soon as we get Stefan back and the town calmed down, we’ll pin Alaric down with Plans A through Z,† she said. She leaned forward and kissed Meredith’s cheek. â€Å"That’s a velociraptor sisterhood oath, okay?† Meredith blinked twice, swallowed once, and whispered, â€Å"Okay.† Then, abruptly, she was her old efficient self again. â€Å"Thank you,† she said. â€Å"But cleaning up the town might not be such an easy job. It’s already heading toward mass chaos there.† â€Å"And Matt wanted to be in the middle of it all? Alone?† Elena asked. â€Å"Like we said, he and Mrs. Flowers are a solid team,† Meredith said quietly. â€Å"And it’s what he’s chosen.† â€Å"Well,† Elena said drily, â€Å"he may turn out to have the better deal in the end, after all.† They went back to the scattered papers. Meredith picked up several pictures of kitsune guarding shrines in Japan. â€Å"It says they’re usually depicted with a ‘jewel’ or key.† She held up a picture of a kitsune holding a key in its mouth at the main gate of the Fushimi Shrine. â€Å"Aha,† Elena said. â€Å"Looks like the key’s got two wings, doesn’t it?† â€Å"Exactly what Bonnie and I thought. And the ‘jewels’†¦well, take a close look.† Elena did and her stomach lurched. Yes, they were like the â€Å"snow globe† orbs that Shinichi had used to create unbreakable traps in the Old Wood. â€Å"We found they’re called hoshi no tama,† Meredith said. â€Å"And that translates to ‘star balls.’ Each kitsune puts a measure of their power into one, along with other things, and destroying the ball is one of the only ways to kill them. If you find a kitsune’s star ball, you can control the kitsune. That’s what Bonnie and I want to do.† â€Å"But how do you find it?† Elena asked, excited by the idea of controlling Shinichi and Misao. â€Å"Sa†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Meredith said, pronouncing the word â€Å"sah† like a sigh. Then she gave one of her rare brilliant smiles. â€Å"In Japanese, that means: ‘I wonder; hmm; wouldn’t want to comment; my gosh, golly, I really couldn’t say.’ We could use a word like that in English.† Despite herself, Elena giggled. â€Å"But, then, other stories say that kitsune can be killed by the Sin of Regret or by blessed weapons. I don’t know what the Sin of Regret is, but – † She rummaged in her luggage, and came up with an old-fashioned but serviceable-looking revolver. â€Å"Meredith!† â€Å"It was my grandpa’s – one of a pair. Matt’s got the other one. They’re loaded with bullets blessed by a priest.† â€Å"What priest would bless bullets, for God’s sake?† Elena demanded. Meredith’s smile turned bleak. â€Å"One that’s seen what’s happening in Fell’s Church. You remember how Caroline got Isobel Saitou possessed, and what Isobel did to herself?† Elena nodded. â€Å"I remember,† she said tautly. â€Å"Well, do you remember how we told you that Obaasan – Grandma Saitou – used to be a shrine maiden? That’s a Japanese priestess. She blessed the bullets for us, all right, and specifically for killing kitsune. You should have seen how spooky the ritual was. Bonnie almost fainted again.† â€Å"Do you know how Isobel is doing now?† Meredith shook her dark head slowly. â€Å"Better but – I don’t think she even knows about Jim yet. That’s going to be very tough on her.† Elena tried to quell a shudder. There was nothing but tragedy in store for Isobel even when she got well. Jim Bryce, her boyfriend, had spent only one night with Caroline, but now had Lesch-Nye disease – or so the doctors said. In that same dreadful night that Isobel had pierced herself everywhere, and cut her tongue so that it forked, Jim, a handsome star basketball player, had eaten away his fingers and his lips. In Elena’s opinion they were both possessed and their injuries were only more reasons why the kitsune twins had to be stopped. You read "The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 12" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"We’ll do it,† she said aloud, realizing for the first time that Meredith was holding her hand as if Elena were Bonnie. Elena managed a faint but determined smile for Meredith. â€Å"We’ll get Stefan out and we’ll stop Shinichi and Misao. We have to do it.† This time it was Meredith who nodded. â€Å"There’s more,† she said at last. â€Å"You want to hear it?† â€Å"I need to know everything.† â€Å"Well, every single source I checked agrees that kitsune possess girls and then lead boys to destruction. What kind of destruction depends on where you look. It can be as simple as appearing as a will-o’-the-wisp and leading you into a swamp or off a cliff, or as difficult as shapeshifting.† â€Å"Oh, yes,† Elena said tightly. â€Å"I knew that from what happened to you and Bonnie. They can look exactly like someone.† â€Å"Yes, but always with some small flaw if you have the wits to notice it. They can never make a perfect replicate. But they can have up to nine tails, and the more tails they have, the better at everything they are.† â€Å"Nine? Terrific. We’ve never even seen a nine-tailed one.† â€Å"Well, we may get to yet. They’re supposed to be able to cross over freely from one world to another. Oh, yes. And they’re specifically in charge of the ‘Kimon’ Gate between dimensions. Want to guess what that translates to?† Elena stared at her. â€Å"Oh, no.† â€Å"Oh, yes.† â€Å"But why would Damon take us all the way across the country, just to get in through a Demon Gate that’s run by fox spirits?† â€Å"Sa†¦But when Matt told us you were headed to someplace near Sedona, that was really what decided Bonnie and me.† â€Å"Great.† Elena ran her hands through her hair and sighed. â€Å"Anything else?† she asked, feeling like a rubber band that had been stretched to its utmost. â€Å"Only this, which ought to really bake your cookies after all we’ve been through. Some of them are good. Kitsune, I mean.† â€Å"Some of them are good – good what? Good fighters? Good assassins? Good liars?† â€Å"No, really, Elena. Some of them are supposed to be like gods and goddesses who sort of test you, and if you pass the test they reward you.† â€Å"Do you think we should count on finding one like that?† â€Å"Not really.† Elena dropped her head to the coffee table where Meredith’s printouts were scattered. â€Å"Meredith, seriously, how are we going to deal with them when we go through that Demon Gate? My Power is about as reliable as a low battery. And it’s not just the kitsune; it’s all the different demons and vampires – Old Ones, too! What are we going to do?† She raised her head and looked deeply into the eyes of her friend – those dark eyes that she had never been able to classify as this color or that. To her surprise, Meredith instead of looking sober, tossed back the dregs of a Diet Coke and smiled. â€Å"No Plan A yet?† â€Å"Well†¦maybe just an idea. Nothing definite yet. What about you?† â€Å"A few that might qualify for Plans B and C. So what we’re going to do is what we always do – try our best and fall all over ourselves and make mistakes until you do something brilliant and save us all.† â€Å"Merry† – Meredith blinked. Elena knew why – she hadn’t used that diminutive for Meredith for more years than she could remember. None of the three girls liked pet names or used them. Elena went on very seriously, holding Meredith’s eyes, â€Å"There’s nothing I want more than to save everybody – everybody – from these kitsune bastards. I’d give my life for Stefan and all of you. But†¦this time it may be somebody else who takes the bullet.† â€Å"Or the stake. I know. Bonnie knows. We talked about it while we were flying here. But we’re still with you, Elena. You have to know that. We’re all with you.† There was only one way to reply to that. Elena gripped Meredith’s hand in both of hers. Then she let out her breath, and, like probing an aching tooth, tried to get news on a sore subject. â€Å"Does Matt – did he – well, how was Matt when you left?† Meredith glanced at her sideways. Not much got past Meredith. â€Å"He seemed okay, but – distracted. He would go off into these fits where he’d just stare at nothing, and he wouldn’t hear you if you spoke to him.† â€Å"Did he tell you why he left?† â€Å"Well†¦sort of. He said that Damon was hypnotizing you and that you weren’t – weren’t doing all you could to stop him. But he’s a boy and boys get jealous – â€Å" â€Å"No, he was right about what he saw. It’s just that I’ve – gotten to know Damon a little better. And Matt doesn’t like that.† â€Å"Um-hm.† Meredith was watching her from under lowered eyelids, barely breathing, as if Elena was a bird that mustn’t be disturbed or she’d fly away. Elena laughed. â€Å"It’s nothing bad,† she said. â€Å"At least I don’t think so. It’s just that†¦in some ways Damon needs help even more than Stefan did when he first came to Fell’s Church.† Meredith’s eyebrows shot up, but all she said was, â€Å"Um-hm.† â€Å"And†¦I think that really Damon’s a lot more like Stefan than he lets on.† Meredith’s eyebrows stayed up. Elena finally looked at her. She opened her mouth once or twice and then she just stared at Meredith. â€Å"I’m in trouble, aren’t I?† she said helplessly. â€Å"If all this comes from less than one week riding in a car with him†¦then, yes. But we have to remember that women are Damon’s specialty. And he thinks he’s in love with you.† â€Å"No, he really is – † Elena began, and then she caught her lower lip between her teeth. â€Å"Oh, God, this is Damon we’re talking about. I am in trouble.† â€Å"Let’s just watch and see what happens,† Meredith said sensibly. â€Å"He’s definitely changed, too. Before, he would have just told you that your friends couldn’t come – and that was it. Today he stuck around and listened.† â€Å"Yes. I just have to – to be on my guard from now on,† Elena said, a little unsteadily. How was she going to help the child inside Damon without getting closer to him? And how would she explain all she might need to do to Stefan? She sighed. â€Å"It’ll probably be all right,† Bonnie muttered sleepily. Meredith and Elena both turned to look at her and Elena felt a chill go up her spine. Bonnie was sitting propped up, but her eyes were shut and her voice was indistinct. â€Å"The real question is: what will Stefan say about that night at the motel with Damon?† â€Å"What?† Elena’s voice was sharp and loud enough to awaken any sleeper. But Bonnie didn’t stir. â€Å"What happened what night at what motel?† Meredith demanded. When Elena didn’t answer immediately, she caught Elena’s arm and swung her so that they were face-to-face. At last Elena looked at her friend. But her eyes, she knew, gave away nothing. â€Å"Elena, what’s she talking about? What happened with Damon?† Elena still kept her face perfectly expressionless, and used a word she’d learned just that night. â€Å"Sa†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Elena, you’re impossible! You’re not going to dump Stefan after you rescue him, are you?† â€Å"No, of course not!† Elena was hurt. â€Å"Stefan and I belong together – forever.† â€Å"But still you spent a night with Damon where something happened between you.† â€Å"Something†¦I guess.† â€Å"And that something was?† Elena smiled apologetically. â€Å"Sa†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I’ll get it out of him! I’ll put him on the defensive†¦.† â€Å"You can make a Plan A and Plan B and all,† Elena said. â€Å"But it won’t help. Shinichi took his memories away. Meredith, I’m sorry – you don’t know how sorry. But I swore that nobody would ever know.† She looked up at the taller girl, feeling tears pool in her eyes. Can’t you just – once – let me leave it that way?† Meredith sank bank. â€Å"Elena Gilbert, the world is lucky there is only one of you. You are the†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She paused, as if deciding whether to say the words or not. Then she said, â€Å"It’s time to get to bed. Dawn is going to come early and so is the Demon Gate.† â€Å"Merry?† â€Å"What now?† â€Å"Thank you.† How to cite The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 12, Essay examples

Institutional Voids and Sustainability Trajectories †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Institutional Voids and Sustainability Trajectories. Answer: Introduction Sustainability can be understood as the ability to continue the development of process more or less indefinitely within the future. Considering the same, sustainability is deemed to have four major dimensions such as ethical, social, economic and environmental (Adams et al., 2016). The objective of this essay is to offer critical evaluation sustainability through employing theoretical concepts on accounting along with their practical importance. The essay will elaborate on the fact that social sustainability can be identified as ability of society to maintain itself along with vital means of wealth generation. This is in order to consider in itself a shared social purpose sense in order to foster cohesion and social integration. The essay will explain that environment sustainability is essential for both economic and social sustainability. This is in order to attain increased attention in order to decrease the effects in accordance with the environment which is important to make sure of a sustainable economic and social future. Social sustainability is relied on the concept that a project or decision promotes the advancement of the society. Generally, future generations must have identical or enhanced quality of life advantages as the current generation does (Andrews, 2015). This concept also includes several things such as environmental law, human rights along with public involvement and participation. Failing to divert focus on the social aspect of the action or decision can lead to the decrease of sustainable spheres. One of the instance of social sustainability is the passing the Clean Water Act in 1972 along with the Safe Drinking Water Act. Overall, such set of laws. These were increased pieces of legislation set minimum water quality standards for the surface along with drinking water. This had an impact of positively promoting the health along with the well-being of everyone within the nation. The clean water act also served to safeguard the nations water supply through making it highly illegal for discharging the within adjacent lakes, rivers along with streams (Benn, Edwards Williams, 2014). There must also be certain enhancement in the environment laws that might result in enhancement in the environment laws. All of such laws result in the overall betterment of the society. There is also observed to be certain correlation between such vital environmental laws that were passed along with the average life expectancy of people within a nation. Several revenue potentialities of natural resources on a duration of emerging market economy particularly in alignment with inadequately explained property rights and tax legal structures. Within certain developing nations this might generate increased revenue from use of natural resources (Bennett, James Klinkers, 2017). This is also deemed to maintain revenue generating behavior on an increased rate from the behalf of the producers. This can facilitate in sifting resources away from highly socially successful economic activity. Economic Sustainability Economic sustainability can be explained as a situation of non-declining economic welfare projected into the future. It is also gathered that the economic welfare is distinct from the economic income. Such income is generally measured to be Gross National Product that encompasses environmental expenses along with decreasing certain advantages (Crane Matten, 2016). Economic welfare is deemed to arrive from income and also from the environment. This also carries out distinct function out of which some of them contribute to production and income. Moreover, economic welfare also contributes to direct welfare that includes assimilation and waste recycling that maintains eco-balance and helps in regulating climate. Economic sustainability is deemed to focus on the capital maintenance that develops economic welfare. For this reason, a question arises regarding whether it is total capital stock which can be maintained with substitution between them or it is a natural capital (Den Hond, de B akker Neergaard, 2016). This type of capital is a non-substitute because of their exceptional contribution to the economic welfare. Considering the same, four types of sustainability relied on substitution extent ranges from the very weak that anticipates great substitutability to very strong that follows no substitutability. Even if that is an empirical matter, still certain nature capital needs to be sustained at a minimum level. This can have an exceptional contribution to the economic welfare that claims for certain environmental sustainability. For this reason, it can be explained that economic activities can be sustainable only if the life support ecosystems on which they rely remain resilient (Epstein Buhovac, 2014). Environmental sustainability can be explained as the significance of environment for people and there are certain three important and board functions that are performed by environmental resources within their permissible range. This includes provision of resources for production and consumption with respect to fodder, food, minerals, timber along with non-timber forest products and water. These functions also include waste absorption from the production process along with consumption goods disposal and environmental services (Mota et al., 2015). This also encompasses survival services like ones producing climate and ecosystem stability, safeguarding from ultraviolet radiation by ozone layer along with amenity services. The first two functions might be substituted by made capital to an extent relied on technology and process of production. However, there is some limit to its growth. The third function develops welfare directly along with that it is inevitable for maintained of human w ays of life and cannot be substituted by manufactured or man-made capital. It can also be gathered that in case the recent development is unsustainable it might be because of depleting certain non-substantial and critical components of capital base on which it relies. Critical nature capital is explained as natural capital that is accountable for vital environmental functions and this might not be substituted by manmade or manufactured capital (Pagell Shevchenko, 2014). Moreover, natural capital is also vital for vital environmental functions and that might not be substituted in the provision of such functions by manufactured capital. The important measures of environmental sustainability are the ones associated with the long lasting environmental carrying ability along with eco-efficiency that might not be changed. Such change might not be observed till society changes the way it consumes and produces (Pearce, 2014). For this reason, the society requires this not just to decrease the pollution level but also for enhancing the eco-efficiency of the surrounding that encompass protection of forests, land, biodiversity and water. It is gathered that in the situation of recent overexploitation of natural resources, the environment quality along with that the human life tends to decline gradually along with widespread suffering. For this reason, the environmental sustainability can be understood as an economic activity that indicates to the continuous capability of environment to offer vital outputs within economy. This can facilitate in maintaining economic welfare (Ravetz, 2016). Managing Environment Impacts in Maintaining Economic and Social Sustainability Sustainability can be explained as a process of addressing the needs of the recent generation devoid of compromising the capability of future generations in addressing their needs. In a situation of explaining the global sustainability three concerns based on the selected areas of influence are considered. Three are three major interconnected sustainability spheres which explain the relationship between economic, environmental and social aspects of the world (Schaltegger Wagner, 2017). These spheres are associated set of sustainability which explains which if considered together can develop an effective ground from which vital actions and decisions can be taken. Certain instances of these decisions might encompass planning on land use, surface water management building construction and design along with law making. In case the concepts explained within these three sustainability spheres are implemented within the real world conditions it results in the winning situation. Natural res ources remain preserved, the environment is protected, the economy is not affected and the quality of individuals life is maintained or enhanced. The diagram represented below explains three spheres and the factors that explain the ways these are interconnected (Schaltegger, Burritt Petersen, 2017). The major concerns are related with the overall well being and quality of individuals life along with that it is realized that it is associated with the environment and the economy. This is for the reason that within a poor economy, individuals might deal with poor life quality and the same can also be observed in case of poor environment. Within a poor environment, the drastic effects on the quality of life are not that easily recognized. It also does not require a trained person to observe the way things like over-development of floodplains, polluted storm off water and improper scarce resources management might have an impact on quality life of daily basis (Silvestre, 2015). These three sustainability spheres have major concepts that explain the way in which actions and decisions might have drastic effect on the global sustaina bility. Explaining the environmental impact on maintaining social and economic growth a link can be established between trade, public debt along with renewable resources depletion for small open nations that are renewable resource intensive good exporters. It is also gathered that the private debt level of a nation determines the speed at which depletion of exportable renewable resources takes place. The target steady resources at state level that a nation might consider preserving is independent from the debt level. This is for the reason that it is relied on the trade terms, preferences and technology (Yakovleva, 2017). Within the transition phase, when the natural resources stock is harvested, the debt level indicates the speed any efforts spent in natural resources extraction. It is also observed that while in transition, if there is increase in debt rate of expertise renewable resources extraction will also increase. It changes the extraction of these resources from future till present. Moreover, certain other aspects remain same and such link might be suitable for exhaustible resources. It has been evidenced that the natural resources leads to many triggers in political interaction among powerful interest groups (Welford, 2016). This leads in deficits in current account, disproportionate fiscal redistribution along with decrease growth. The mixture of wide range of nature resources, missing markets along with legal structures might have drastic adverse consequences. In extreme situations, such as in civil war it can be observed that the natural resources increase the profitability. In addition, a wide range of natural resources might grab attention of foreign government for evading concerns of drastic consequences. Moreover, the likability of this event might facilitate the domestic authorities to spread more resources for national defense. Consent the political power in which the MNC is concerned, the governments in the name of economic growth and revenue generation it might grant unfair favor to certain companies or people for employing natural resources (Adams et al., 2016). In addition, high profit seeking in order to attain money from market distortion can lead to corruption in government and business. This can further negatively affect the resources allocation along with decreasing the social equity and economic efficiency. Economic theory along with empirical evidence indicates that corruption and import protection is intended to affect economic growth and effectiveness. It is observe that economic growth is not sustainable as it consumes several environmental resources that fortify goods and services production. In which the environmental costs associated with economic activity are experienced by poor, the incentives to rectify the issue are deemed to be weak. Conclusion The essay will explained that environment sustainability is essential for both economic and social sustainability. This is in order to attain increased attention in order to decrease the effects in accordance with the environment which is important to make sure of a sustainable economic and social future. It is gathered from the essay that there must also be certain enhancement in the environment laws that might result in enhancement in the environment laws. All of such laws result in the overall betterment of the society. Moreover, economic welfare is deemed to arrive from income and also from the environment. This also carries out distinct function out of which some of them contribute to production and income. The essay also elaborated that the natural resources leads to many triggers in political interaction among powerful interest groups. This leads in deficits in current account, disproportionate fiscal redistribution along with decrease growth. The mixture of wide range of natu re resources, missing markets along with legal structures might have drastic adverse consequences. References Adams, R., Jeanrenaud, S., Bessant, J., Denyer, D., Overy, P. (2016). Sustainability?oriented innovation: a systematic review.International Journal of Management Reviews,18(2), 180-205. Andrews, D. (2015). The circular economy, design thinking and education for sustainability.Local Economy,30(3), 305-315. Benn, S., Edwards, M., Williams, T. (2014).Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Bennett, M., James, P., Klinkers, L. (2017). Key themes in environmental, social and sustainability performance evaluation and reporting. InSustainable Measures(pp. 29-74). Routledge. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Den Hond, F., de Bakker, F. G., Neergaard, P. (2016). Introduction to managing corporate social responsibility in action: Talking, doing and measuring. InManaging Corporate Social Responsibility in Action(pp. 15-26). Routledge. Epstein, M. J., Buhovac, A. R. (2014).Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Mota, B., Gomes, M. I., Carvalho, A., Barbosa-Povoa, A. P. (2015). Towards supply chain sustainability: economic, environmental and social design and planning.Journal of Cleaner Production,105, 14-27. Pagell, M., Shevchenko, A. (2014). Why research in sustainable supply chain management should have no future.Journal of supply chain management,50(1), 44-55. Pearce, D. (2014).Blueprint 3: Measuring sustainable development. Routledge. Ravetz, J. (2016).City-region 2020: integrated planning for a sustainable environment. Routledge. Schaltegger, S., Wagner, M. (Eds.). (2017).Managing the business case for sustainability: The integration of social, environmental and economic performance. Routledge. Schaltegger, S., Burritt, R., Petersen, H. (2017).An introduction to corporate environmental management: Striving for sustainability. Routledge. Silvestre, B. S. (2015). Sustainable supply chain management in emerging economies: Environmental turbulence, institutional voids and sustainability trajectories.International Journal of Production Economics,167, 156-169. Welford, R. (2016).Corporate environmental management 3: Towards sustainable development. Routledge. Yakovleva, N. (2017).Corporate social responsibility in the mining industries. Routledge.

Into The Time Warp The Rocky Horror Picture Show As An Enduring Pop E

Into The ?Time Warp?: The Rocky Horror Picture Show As An Enduring Pop Cult Classic For years, with its phenomenal success as a midnight movie, The Rocky Horror Picture Show has made ?don't dream it, be it? the motto for its ever-growing cult audience. The film continues to be regarded by critics and audiences as the only no-holds-barred, ultimate theatre experience, which has seemingly drawn a repeat audience of cult film followers year after year. More than just a movie, The Rocky Horror Picture Show (RHPS) has become a community, a loud, profane, exuberant collection of cult film freaks freaks: the beautiful, the creative, the lovers and the lost. Despite its first success as a play and then initial failure when produced as a mainstream film, RHPS has become a successful paradigmatic cult classic due to its strange and unusual theatrical exhibition and the film's blend of thematic, visual and verbal elements, which parody accepted societal conventions. According to the RHPS Anniversary Commentary, a young actor by the name of Richard O'Brien originally wrote RHPS's musical predecessor, The Rocky Horror Show. After performing small roles in the films Carry On Cowboy and Casino Royale, O'Brien landed roles in the musicals Hair and Jesus Christ Superstar, and made one disastrous yet fateful performance in each. Although he did not succeed in either of the shows, O'Brien had the opportunity to present his rock musical entitled ?They Came From Denton High? to Jesus Christ Superstar's director Jim Sharman. Through Sharman, a solo acoustic tape of O'Brien singing the future RHPS opener ?Science Fiction, Double Feature,? came across the desk of independent theater producer Michael White. White became fascinated with the tape and story concept, and agreed to sponsor the production as a small experimental stage production at London's Royal Court Theatre Upstairs. O'Brien spent countless hours in movie houses watching the tasteless thrillers which would later inspire him to write The Rocky Horror Show. The play was based on a combination of ?grade B Horror movies, Steve Reeves muscle flicks and fifties rock 'n' roll. It starred O'Brien as a maniacal handyman named Riff-Raff, and another Hair alumnus, Tim Curry, in the leading role as Dr. Frank N. Furter, the kinky scientist who creates ?Rocky Horror', his personal Adonis? (The Rocky Horror Picture Show Anniversary Commentary). The play ran for many months and was warmly received by both critics and audiences. However, the RHPS Anniversary Commentary adds, when American producer and entrepreneur Lou Adler was brought to a performance, the show ?took a dramatic leap as a production.? Adler was immediately impressed with The Rocky Horror Show. Within two days, Adler had arranged with Michael White to obtain the rights to the show. On March 24th, 1974 (only nine months after opening in London), The Rocky Horror Show made its American debut at Adler's Roxy Theater on the infamous Sunset Strip in Hollywood. The show played to sold-out audiences for the duration of its nine-month run, with Tim Curry reprising his astounding leading performance. As a result of the show's theatrical success at the Roxy Theater, 20th Century Fox posed a deal to create a film based on the play, thus renaming it The Rocky Horror Picture Show (The Rocky Horror Picture Show Anniversary Commentary). The entire film was shot over the course of eight weeks in England and cost a little less than one million dollars to make. However, with the exception of a little business in Los Angeles, the reaction to the release of RHPS in 1975 was extremely unresponsive. According to the RHPS Anniversary Commentary, the film's flop was attributed to being poorly distributed and unenthusiastically promoted, and it received very few reviews outside of film publications. It was not until a few years later that RHPS hit the midnight circuit scene and once again became popular, but this time as an enduring cult classic. ?Shown every Friday and Saturday night in some 200 theaters ever since, it has been seen by more people each year? (Siegel 305). The film has become a weekly staple for avid Rocky Horror devotees and has joined the ranks as a spirited cult celebration and long-term cinematic attachment, an achievement that it never set out to accomplish. According to critics,

The efffects of Louis 16th on France essays

The efffects of Louis 16th on France essays The French Revolution was a significant milestone in European history, remembered by many in historical and literary works. The situation in France, mostly under the leadership of Louis XVI, had a negative influence in France, thus creating a perfect climate for the French Revolution. France was plagued by both debt, and poor France was poverty-stricken and burdened with some of the highest debts. On the financial side, Louis XVI was aided by: Finance Minister Anne Robert Jauques Turgot, and Interior Minister Chretien Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes (*The economic origins of the French revolution, pg. 4). Louis introduced some of the most oppressive taxes and instituted financial reforms. Greater reforms were prevented by the opposition of the upper classes and court. This opposition was so strong that Turgot was forced to resign and was replaced by Jauques Necker. Lengthy wars, the support to the American Revolution and the gross amount of taxes paid and the lavish spending of the court contributed to the huge national debt. The governments financial problems were made worse after 1740 by the renewal of costly wars (the French revolution, pg. 9). The war of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) and the Seven Years War (1756-1763) were European wars over the domination of central Europe and colonial and commercial wars between France and Great Britain (*Aspects of the French Revolution pg. ). At their end, in 1763 France had lost almost all of its colonial empire in America and India. In 1778 the French launched an attack against Britain in the American Revolution. They were hoping to weaken old rivalries and regain lost colonies. The hopes of the French were not realized and their participation in the war increased an already heavy national debt. After Louis XVI granted financial aid (1778-81) to the American colonies revolting against Great Brit...

Why There is No Such Thing as a Vegan

Why There is No Such Thing as a Vegan An odd criticism of veganism seems to be there is no such thing as a vegan, or vegans kill animals. A popular but misleading infographic points out the many ways, obvious and not so obvious, that animal products are used in common consumer goods. But the creator of the infographic misunderstands what veganism is, and how easy it is to avoid many animal products. What is Veganism? Contrary to what some people think, veganism is not about being absolutely 100 percent pure and free of animal products. Veganism is about minimizing harm to other animals and avoiding animal products as much as possible. What does this mean? Vegan blogger Mylene of My Face is on Fire writes: Is it possible in this overwhelmingly speciesist world to live a life that is 100% free of the use of animal products? Of course not. Does this mean that its OK to sneak in the occasional chicken wing for kicks and still call yourself a vegan? Again, of course not. But veganism is a lifestyle thats the hands-on application of an ethical framework where every single day you need to inform yourself so that you can assess situations and make the proper choices. Hidden Animal Products Vegans know about avoiding meat, fish, dairy, honey, gelatin, leather, wool, suede, fur, feathers and silk. At a minimum, people who call themselves vegans avoid these products. But being vegan means more than simply changing ones dietary habits. Its also a lifestyle. So vegans also avoid circuses, rodeos, zoos and other industries whose prime purpose is animal exploitation. Some other animal products are not so obvious, and some are considered unavoidable. Below is just a partial list. Agriculture: Any kind of agriculture, even farms growing fruits and vegetables, displace wildlife. Forests that were once home to songbirds, insects, squirrels, deer, wolves and mice are converted in order to produce commercial crops. Commercial farms kill crop-eating animals (labeled pests) with natural and chemical insecticides, traps and gunfire. Even organic farms shoot deer, kill moles with traps and employ natural pesticides. Farms also commonly use fertilizer made from bone meal, fish meal, manure and other animal products.Bug parts in food: Because it is nearly impossible to harvest, process and package food without some contamination from mouse feces, rat hair or insect parts, the FDA allows small amounts of these animal products in food. Have you ever had an old bag of flour suddenly sprout bugs? Its not spontaneous generation. Those insect eggs were in the flour all along, and the FDA regulates the amount of these insect parts in our food. According to CBS News, an FDA spo kesperson says when these levels are exceeded, FDA can and will take regulatory action immediately if any disease-causing microbes are present. Shellac, beeswax, and casein on fruits and vegetables: Shellac is a resin harvested from the lac beetle. While the beetle does not need to be killed in order to harvest the shellac, some beetles are inevitably killed or injured in the shellac collection process. Most people associate the word shellac with furniture, but it can be used as wax to coat fruits and vegetables, and is disguised in candy as confectioners glaze. Beeswax, which comes from bees, is also used to preserve fruits and vegetables and delay rot. Casein, a milk product, is used in wax to coat fruits and vegetables. The wax can also be vegetable-based. The FDA requires a label or sign to identify fruits and vegetables that have been coated with wax but does not require the label to state whether the wax is of animal or vegetable origin.Cars and insects: Everyone who drives knows that hitting insects is an inevitable fact of life. People tend to think of it as insects hitting car windshields, but cars are hitting and k illing insects everywhere. Tires, rubber, paint, glue, and plastics: Because rubber, paint and plastic products are not foods, manufacturers are not required to disclose the ingredients. However, these products often contain chemicals and additives that originate from animals. Paint, glue and other chemicals often contain animal products. Shellac, as explained above, comes from insects.Consumer products in general: Aside from the known animal ingredients in various products, consumption kills animals in the form of farming, mining, drilling and pollution. Whether buying products made of wood, metal, plastic, rubber, or plants, the manufacture and harvesting of these products take habitat away from wildlife. The energy used in manufacturing the products, as well as the packaging, often pollutes the environment. When those products are thrown away, they end up in a landfill, perhaps being buried or incinerated. Some will end up in waterways, the air, and in the soil, affecting human health as well as animal heal th and the environment. Medical Issues  Sometimes vegans need medication. Premarin, a hormone replacement therapy, uses the urine of pregnant mares who are confined in deplorable conditions. There are other HRTs, but women need to research to find those, if any, that are cruelty-free. And keep in mind that although the final product is labeled â€Å"no animal testing,† the individual ingredients that went into the making of that product may have been tested on animals. The CDC is pushing Americans more than ever to get their flu shots. Flu shots are not only created in fertilized chicken eggs but contain proteins from the eggs themselves. Formaldehyde is used to create a chemical reaction to pull those proteins together. Some medicines necessary for high blood pressure or other health problems may contain animal parts or are encapsulated in gel-caps made of gelatin, which is made from animal bone, skin and ligaments. The purpose of discussing hidden animal products and the many ways in which all humans kill animals is not to discourage veganism or to make veganism seem impossible. The purpose is for vegans to strive for minimal harm to other animals while realizing that eliminating every last animal product on the market is impossible. Vegans can work on ways to make car tires without animal products, try to buy unwaxed fruit or grow fruit and consume less in general. This article has been edited and updated by Michelle A. Rivera

Success of Kennedy Administrations in the Cuban Crisis Essay

Success of Kennedy Administrations in the Cuban Crisis - Essay Example During the public stage of this situation, low-level reconnaissance missions on a two hour basis were eventually ordered by Kennedy. Then, on 25, Th the quarantine line was pulled back, increasing the levels of DEFCON’s military readiness. Later on, Khrushchev Soviet’s then Premier wrote a letter proposing the removal of Soviet missiles and personnel only so that the U.S. would assure them that they would not invade Cuba, and this was on 26th. However, 27th October was regarded as the worst day of the crisis because a U-2 which was flying over Cuba was shot down with Khrushchev, making another demand which was the removal of missiles belonging to the US, which were situated in Turkey in return for their missiles in Cuba. This was also through a letter where the Attorney General Robert Kennedy later on, suggested that they agree with the first letter only. Finally, tensions eased from 28th October when the Soviet agreed to dismantle their missile installations and remova l of light bombers from Cuba as long as the US would not carry out a military invasion of the Island.During the public stage of this situation, low-level reconnaissance missions on a two hour basis were eventually ordered by President Kennedy. Then, on 25, Th the quarantine line was pulled back, increasing the levels of DEFCON’s military readiness. Later on, Khrushchev Soviet’s then Premier wrote a letter proposing the removal of Soviet missiles  and personnel only so that the U.S. would assure them that they would not invade Cuba.

Case Study On Hurricane Floyd Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On Hurricane Floyd - Case Study Example The strength of this hurricane however has been recorded as the largest and strongest hurricanes to have ever hit the Atlantic. The reason for opting for hurricane Floyd for this particular case study is the intensity with which it pounded the Bahama Islands and moved into New England subsequently while damaging North Carolina and Florida on the way. Furthermore, it was also the cause for heavy floods and devastating storms which have led to several lives being lost. What originated as a mere tropical wave, turned into something so sinister that even the level of preparedness that had been taken care of in order to mitigate the effects of the hurricane, was not enough. While it crossed the Bahamas it remained under a category 5 status on the Saffir-Simpson scale, giving the meteorology department not much to alert the citizens about. Furthermore, it even weakened to a category 3 status with the winds ranging between 120 mph. thus the forecast that was broadcast regarding the tropical wave when it was out at sea was merely average as compared to the forecasts in the last decade. Only a fraction of the islands of the Bahamas received heavy winds for a small period of time and thus people were not aware that something bad could have struck, due to lack of common warning because of the varying wind pressure. Mitigation is the process of lessening the impact of an impending disaster in order to minimize its effects and cause the least amount of trouble and trauma to the people, possible. Not much could have been done in order to mitigate or lessen the impact of this hurricane except for keeping an eye on its movement and the meteorology department keeping a check on the wind speeds and directions of movement of the hurricane. People were informed well in time in order to leave their homes and as the President had declared emergency, it was the maximum that could have been done. Preparedness on the other hand refers to the measures that are

Public Schools Segregation Essay Example for Free

Public Schools Segregation Essay I was recently struck by one of the political cartoons in the SacramentoBee newspaper, which presented an image comparison of drinking fountains in two schools. It quickly reminded me of the racist Jim Crow laws from the 1880s-1960s and how racial segregation existed almost everywhere in the United States at that time. However, I realize that this cartoon doesn’t portray the concept of racial segregation with a Jim Crow joke, but it makes a commentary on social segregation among public schools in the United States today. I slowly realized that all American public schools are not the same due to funding. The huge difference exists in the public school system because their funding is associated with local property taxes. If a school is located in an affluent area with wealthier residents who pay high property taxes, schools will receive more funding (School Funding 1). Do you think this system is fair? If I ask affluent parents, they probably would answer that they pay high property taxes, so their money should go straight to nourish public schools in their areas. Meanwhile, if I were to ask parents in low socioeconomic areas, they would say that funds should be distributed from the state and not by the county, which would help in reducing the inequality between schools. Although sharing funds is not fair for many affluent people who pay more taxes, we should encourage state governments to aid the poorer schools more because it helps to reduce poverty and prevent crimes in lower income neighborhoods. The first reason that poorer schools should get more funds is to reduce poverty. People in low-income areas might not get the direct effect from school funding, but in the future, their kids will be benefited greatly. For those in the low income bracket, education can be a legitimate way to help them climb out of poverty. However, in reality, most of these poorer schools today are still not treated equally as their richer counterparts. Lisa Black, Chicago Tribune reporter reviewed the vast difference between two public schools in the Chicago area to illustrate this point. The first school, Taft Elementary School in Lockport can’t offer students any arts, language or technology classes because of the limited budget available. Meanwhile, Rondout Elementary School, near Lake Forest, offers language programs such as Spanish in every grade including kindergarten. Most students use laptops in the class, and they can enjoy band and chorus classes. They can choose to study various art, drama and dance as well (Black 1). If poor children had the same opportunity as their counterparts, imagine the growth it could represent to them educational. If they enjoyed studying, they could move on to obtain higher education by attending to colleges, meaning better-paying jobs. Therefore, funds should be available for all people. Young minds deserve the opportunity to choose the programs that they want to study. They should be able to study art and any other subject, as they desire to, regardless of how much property tax their parents pay. In general, I believe that a good education is the foundation that can pave the way to a better quality of life. Aside from reducing poverty, preventing crimes is another reason that poorer schools should receive more funds. Crimes in lower income areas derive from being unable to sustain a decent living. These types of crimes can be directly connected to a lack of education and opportunity. Geoffrey Wodtke, a sociologist at the University of Michigan, mentions in his article that kids in poor neighborhood have less chance to graduate from high school (Wodtke 1). He also states: Poor neighborhoods are isolated and racially segregated, with none of the quality schools, day care, grocery stores, pharmacies, and parks that can help promote a child’s development and academic achievement; and they are disproportionately smoggy, crime-ridden and dilapidated. All of these factors, the researchers note, have been linked to poor performance in school, often culminating in dropouts. (1) Wodtke claims that poor neighborhoods affect school performance, and this can impact a child’s learning directly. Some children quit the schools because they have no interest in schooling. Dropping out is and having no high school diploma will limit a job opportunities. When they are not qualified for many jobs, they can’t escape the pitfalls of poverty. Therefore, some of them end up finding illegal ways to make money while others affiliate themselves with gangs (Wodtke 2). This is the reason why school is so important, because it is a good place to start children on equal footing educationally with the chance to better themselves in the future. However, schools in low-income areas still need more funds to afford having a variety of programs such as language, art and sports. Schools also need to be able to hire and retain qualified teachers. Moreover, every school should be able to afford sport programs, which is a good physical outlet for youthful energy and encourages good health and teamwork. Art programs should also be available because they provide an outlet to express creativity. A wider variety of activities and educational alternatives can create brighter and more promising futures if given the opportunities. These children can become doctors, football players or artists in the future as long as they get a fair amount of support from the beginning. It’s difficult to change the living environment in poorer neighborhoods, but we can start by improving the school system to reshape the future of that community. Some people think that pouring money into poor schools is wasteful. They believe the reason schools become poorly performing ones is because they are full of under-achieving students who lack interest in the curriculum. Even if some schools get more funds, it will not change anything. It’s like treating symptoms, but not starting at the root of the problem. They believe that the government should provide more funding to schools with higher achieving students who potentially will become successful contributing members of the community. In other words, the state government should invest in the right schools and students. However, I believe this thought to be completely wrong. People who believe this will never know the potential of students in lower-income schools unless they are given a fair and equal opportunity to succeed. If poorer schools receive more funding, they will be able to provide better facilities and a stronger variety in the curriculum. These factors would increase the chances that we see more students grow into productive and successful adults despite coming from lower class surroundings. When every school has the same resources and variety of programs available to their youths, political cartoons like this one will be a thing of the past because the educational system’s inequalities will no longer be a joke. We should call for action on the funding to reform poorer schools because education can help in reducing poverty and crimes in these neighborhoods. Although affluent parents who work harder and pay more property taxes might oppose an idea of distributed funding to poor schools, they should think about economic consequences. If a gap between rich schools and poor schools is still expanding, how can the children of today become responsible adults in the future? If this country is the land of freedom and opportunity for everyone, I should hope that schools would be the first place to start by giving equal opportunities to all children. Poorer schools should receive equal opportunities like those of the children in wealthier communities. Schools should be a sacred place where all children of any social standing are afforded the same opportunities of unlimited educational growth. The more we see children shine in their youth, the more likely they will rise up to become successful in the future and this will help strengthen the future of the United States’ socially and economically.

The Mysterious Jewel in Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying Essay -- Faulkner’s

The Mysterious Jewel in Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying William Faulkner loves to keep the reader guessing. One of his favorite narrative techniques is to hint at a topic and raise questions and then leave the reader dangling. We are left with a void which we can not fill. The questions that the reader is left with will eventually be answered, but the reader will find the answers before Faulkner comes out and states what is by then the obvious. A good example is in As I Lay Dying where understanding the significance of Jewel is a major part of understanding the story. Jewel is introduced in the first lines of the story, but his character is presented as being different and set apart. We know who Darl is right away. He is the narrator. What the relationship is between these two is unknown. The only clue that they may be brothers is their hats, but Jewel’s actions are set apart; â€Å"Jewel, fifteen feet behind me, looking straight ahead, steps in a single stride through the window†(4). The action of stepping through a window in a ‘single stride’ is difficult to imagine being able to do oneself, and yet Jewel does; â€Å"staring straight ahead, his pale eyes like wood set into his wooden face†(4). I am asking myself, who is this guy? Faulkner has set Jewel apart from the other characters. Faulkner heightens our curiosity about Jewel with the unusual scene with the horse. He captures his horse by diving into the air while the horse is rearing and pawing at him. He grabs onto the horse’s muzzle while in mid-air; â€Å"his whole body earthfree, horizontal, whipping snake-limber, until he finds the horse’s nostrils and touches earth again†(12). After he catches the horse he doesn’t put on a halter and lead the horse, or any way to control the anim... ...eople who don’t know fear. Sin is just a word as well. Addie says that she has cleaned her house, and that was her life, that was getting ready to die. After Jewel was born she is faced with paying for her life’s mistakes; â€Å"I lying calm in the slow silence, getting ready to clean my house†(176). She understands the words of her father completely. The rest of her life was spent getting â€Å"ready to stay dead†(175). Is the love hate relationship between Jewel and his horse similar to the relationship between Jewel and Addie? Cora tells us that Addie favored Jewel, but Addie says that she had two children that were hers before Jewel is born, and then she says, â€Å"I gave Anse Dewy Dell to negative Jewel. Then I gave him Vardaman to replace the child I had robbed him of. And now he has three children that are his and not mine†(176). Who are the three she is referring to?

In an era where magazines are failing, how does FHM maintain its audience?

The origins of FHM magazine date as far back to 1985 in the United Kingdom where the magazine began publication. FHM was first published under the name â€Å"For Him† and changed its title to FHM in 1994 when Emap Consumer Media bought the magazine, although the full â€Å"For Him† Magazine continues to be printed on the spine of each issue. Circulation of this magazine was expanded to newsagents quarterly by spring 1987, after the emergence of a similar magazine Loaded which was regard by them to be the blueprint for the lad’s mag genre. For Him Magazine’ firmed up its approach to compete with expanding market by introducing a sports supplement. The magazine is published monthly and changed its name to FHM this being the abbreviated version of ‘For Him Magazine’ this is probably to gain the audience attention as they can print these letters bigger and bolder which a generic convention that FHM uses. It has dominated the men’s market around 1997 according to ABC magazine results where A. Crawford presented an article where she collected information on FHM magazine sales, FHM managed to overcome all other magazines and reached over 600,000 sales a month which was a 76% increase on last year which was 365,000† This shows FHM after just over 10 years have managed to overcome and compete with other magazine and are still managing to do so in the present day, this suggest that FHM is in high demand and the audience are genuinely interesting in the magazine. Also FHM began to expand internationally and now sells magazines in 26 different countries. You can read also Audience Adaptation Paper FHM was sold as part of the publishing company sale, from EMAP to German company, Bauer Media Group in February 2008, which is owned by the Bauer family. This magazine in the genre of is an lad’s magazines, they look so to sell their magazine to a target audience of men the age of 18-35, predominantly males belonging to A, B and broad C socio-economic classes with an interest for everything and anything sexy, funny and relevant to a men’s lifestyle, for example hobbies, and sports. According to a Synovate Media Atlas survey, â€Å"This magazine has over 1 million readers monthly across all socio-economic classes; this figure is based on a survey carried out by Synovate Media Atlas in the 2009-2010 year. † FHM has had other successes with the e-media platform by introducing fhm. com. This website version of the magazine has bought more users in and maintaining a large audience, this proves by the mass of audience that FHM is actually selling magazines and gaining revenue. –analyse website, analyse magazine FHM makes their revenue through the cover price of the magazine which is ?3. 0 monthly and through yearly subscriptions offered to readers, and their revenue is mostly produced by the adverts within the magazine. In 2002 according to New York Business Wire, â€Å"FHM has revenue gain of an outstanding 105% over last year, in addition the magazine ends 2002 with the largest issue of the year. † Over 10 years ago FHM managed to increase their revenue through selling magazines and selling advertisement space, the adverts must have related to the audience for them to keep buying the magazine therefore keeping the audience interested in the content of the magazine. Also because of the substantial increase of revenue in 2002 this put FHM in good stead to further develop their magazine to maintain the audience. According to Audit Bureau of circulation (ABC) in Jan-Jun 2008 ‘FHM continue sales of 280,392 and remains the bestselling magazine in print, online and overseas, it outsells GQ, MAXIM and LOADED. In April 2008, FHM witnessed record levels of traffic on FHM. com culminating in an ABCe of over 2million users. FHM now numbers 31 international editions worldwide. ’ According to these figures FHM have found a way to gain money through magazine sales, also FHM have found an effective way to use their created space in their magazine and selling that space to advertisers. This will help FHM gain revenue, as advertisements are important for advertisers because they also need to get their product recognised then there will always be space filled within FHM. This can be useful for the magazine as they can choose to publish articles that match the advertisement for example an article on fitness and sport and advertisement for a new football boot may follow. This allows the Advertisement Company and FHM to work together. This means this is an effective way of earning extra money with the magazine than just sales. – Specific evidence from mag Also FHM have a e-media platform, fhm. com. This has become increasingly popular with the consumers as they can choose what they want to read and in website form can hold mass information, FHM have created this media platform so they can give exclusivity to the audience and because this platform has different features from just a magazine this will keep the audience from getting bored. FHM has also released magazines editions worldwide this will allow for diverse mass audience and will help FHM’s sales. – Why do people buy and read magazine We can analyse FHM by using the Laura Mulvey’s male gaze theory, whereby she theorised that consumers are largely masculine and that women is controlled by the male gaze. This idea is that women’s body is displayed and makes the men the voyeur. FHM uses attractive photos of women by portraying them as sexually alluring and according to this theory would make the audience experience erotic pleasure from looking at the pictures of women. This attracts the male audience using the male gaze theory. One of the reasons why FHM appeals to the audience; â€Å"Sales of early titles such as Arena and Esquire were rapidly outstripped by title’s such as Loaded and FHM, as images of the ‘new man’ were replaced by an emphasis on more ‘laddish’ forms of masculinity, associated with drinking, sport and sex. Jackson et al, 2001. This quote supports the modernism theory as FHM is saying that men are moving forward and is supporting the progression of different forms of a man’s masculinity, this suggests men are buying FHM because they are portraying a better element of a man’s masculinity than other magazines and because of this it is appealing to the male audience and the content provided has more relevance to the audience. The male audience is attracted by the idea of a masculine lifestyle is about drinking, sport and sex which FHM offers them, this attraction is one of the reasons why this magazine has had successful and maintaining sales for a sustained period of time. FHM have many articles that improve a man’s body shape by training and giving the audience different advice and tips to help them they also provide dietary tips to go alongside. This article appeals to the aspirer’s as they want to improve themselves and aspire to a better body. Search google â€Å"FHM and media theory† The User and Gratifications theory suggest that users proactively search for media that will not only meet a given need but enhance knowledge, social interaction and diversion. This theory interprets the audience for actively integrating media into their own lives. It implies that the FHM compete against other information sources for the viewer’s gratifications. Using this theory, can explain how articles FHM produce appeal to the audience, using the article mentioned before, according to this theory the audience actively takes in the article and integrates it into their lives for example articles that involve fitness work to improve themselves and articles that involve tips to improve different aspects of life. With this particular article about improving your body shape and therefore masculinity this gives knowledge to the audience and this can create diversion from their everyday life by improving themselves. This is the audience actively integrating media into their own lives and is supported by Blumler and Katz’s work whereby they studied why people use particular media, and developed the users and gratifications theory. â€Å"FHM highlights and attempts to commodify aspirational aspects of a men’s lifestyle as a way of appealing to advertisers and also simultaneously trying to speak directly to readers as an authentic voice† this magazine can be generalised by using the hypodermic needle theory as they inject and portray how a men’s lifestyle should be and explain ways of getting there. The success of FHM was dependant on how this subject was addressed, commodifying men’s gender anxieties through editorial material that provides useful advice in a witty and accessible manner, often using ironic mode of address to avoid the charge of being sad or taking things seriously. † FHM offers the audience Personal Identity, this magazine shows and portray s how a men’s lifestyle should be. The consumers will act on this information and will let this magazine shape their own lives for example â€Å"Get a body like this with this diet† this article would be aimed at reformers that would like to make their body better also the magazine would offer this article and mention that there would be a follow up article in next month’s article, this would make the consumers buy the next issue therefore increasing FHM total monthly sales and maintaining their revenue. Also this magazine will have articles on celebrities training regime this could provide the audience with surveillance and would be able to gain an insight into their lives this would also help maintain sales and would gratify the audience. In FHM there is a main dominant stereotype about men, those there appearances and attitudes are masculine and FHM is very forward with this idea, they show men doing exercise with good strong body’s and the images they use are masculine portraying this dominate stereotype, the aspirers and reformers of the audience will act on FHM’s ideas of a man’s masculinity and will aspire to be there idea of a new man therefore making the consumers continually buy this magazine each month. We can analytically investigate FHM by using the Pluralist model. The pluralist model argues that there is diversity in society and therefore there is also choice, because the audience is diverse with different views the media is influenced by society because the media need to please the audience they will try and reflect the values and beliefs that are predominant in society. So FHM reflects the predominant masculine man and try to portray a typical man’s lifestyle, FHM stereotypes men to be very masculine, good in bed, happy in relationships, witty, considerate and skilled at all things. FHM shows these things in their magazines to captivate the audience and show them what they want to see, according to previous sales figures FHM seem to be doing this and have been maintaining it and therefore gaining revenue as well as pleasing the audience.

Breakfast Eating Habit: A Statisical Research Project Essay

Every day millions of people around the globe turn off their alarm clocks and start their day. Some will jump out of bed and hit the door running full tilt because they are already 10 minutes late. Others are up hours before they are required to be anywhere, soak in the sunrise and settle into a predefined routine, of which breakfast may or may not be a part of. But who eats breakfast? Are there any significant factors that predispose certain people to eat breakfast or not eat breakfast? One approach to determining dependency of environmental variables and eating habits is to class individuals according to one of many possible variables. The topic for discussion in this paper is breakfast eating habits among women and the variability of children, specifically, whether women with pre teen children living at home eat breakfast more frequently than women without pre teen children. In theory, a person might assume that that women with pre teen children will tend to eat breakfast more so than women without pre teen children due in part to the responsibility they have to wake up early and prepare their children for the days events including school and sports. Different factors of each home can vary results in either direction but our research attempts to determine the dependency that pre teen may have on their mothers own breakfast eating habits. There is a tremendous amount of research done on the benefits of eating a health breakfast not only for adults, but children as well. Researchers have found that when healthy, lean women skipped their morning meal, it raised their cholesterol levels and diminished their bodies’ sensitivity to insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. In addition, the women tended to eat more calories on breakfast-free days, suggesting that over time, skipping breakfast could spur weight gain. Past studies have also suggested that women who eat breakfast, particularly whole-grain cereals, have lower cholesterol and insulin levels. Along with past evidence, new findings suggest that making time for breakfast is likely to have long-term health benefits. Whether one of those benefits results in a smaller waistline remains unclear. Some research has found a direct correlation between eating breakfast, particularly whole-grain foods, and lower body weight. Conversely, other studies have found no such relationship exists. What is clear is that researchers have found evidence that Mom was right: breakfast may really be the most important meal of the day, especially for growing children. It is essential for children to regularly consume a balanced breakfast. Data supports that the more often adolescents eat breakfast, the less likely they tend to be overweight. Additional studies have shown children are more focused in school and do better academically than those who skip breakfast. Children show the tendency to have more energy throughout the day and are more likely to participate in school activities and sports. Psychologists have determined children mostly observe their parents and follow their actions. A healthy habit of eating breakfast would tend to be a learned trait by following generations and influence the children to continue eating breakfast into adulthood. Experts also surmise that if breakfast is regularly consumed as a family meal, it may reduce the likelihood of drug use as children mature into adults. The feeling of family  closeness and nurturing support is a significant factor in reduced propensity of crime related activities with children. In order to help determine whether or not any dependency exists between breakfast eating habits and having pre teen children, our team created a survey that asked very basic questions relating to age, pregnancy, children, and how many times those women ate a breakfast that consisted of more than water or coffee. Our research chose to exclude women that where pregnant with their first child in order to rule out any difference in opinion of whether or not those women had a child at all. Our research also specifically excluded women under the age of 18 due to a litany of factors that we will not discuss in this paper. The breakfast quantities were lumped into three groups: 0-2 times per week, 3-5 times per week, and 6-7 times per week. We then randomly distributed our survey via the internet in order to capture a diverse group of woman and collated the responses. Since our research focused on determining dependency between pre teen children and eating breakfast, our null and alternative statements were simple: Null Statement – There is no difference in breakfast eating habits of women in relation to having pre teen children or having no pre teen children living in the house. Alternative Statement – Women with pre teen children living in the house eat breakfast more frequently then women who do not have pre teen children living in the house. Failing to reject the null statement would be an indication that no dependency lies between having children and eating breakfast. Conversely and what we expected to see was that a dependency did exist between the two. Our survey yielded 39 respondents, of which the category breakdown is as follows: Breakfast 0-2 Breakfast 3-5 Breakfast 6-7 With Preteen Children 1 7 6 Without Preteen Children 4 4 17 While the data may indicate a correlation between having children and breakfast eating habits exist, performing a Chi Squared Test for Independence revealed that we are 95% confident that no such relationship exists as shown by the graph on the following page: Our research dictates that we need to fail to reject the null hypothesis thus determining that with 95% certainty, no relationship exists. In conclusion, while having pre teen children in the home has no bearing on whether or not women age 18 and higher eat breakfast more often, there may be other factors that would lend itself to a dependency. Actively working, reporting time, time of year, and perhaps a survey on men might be other explored variable in an effort to determine any dependency relating to breakfast eating habits. It was interesting to note that respondents that did not have children ate breakfast in the 6-7 times a week range disproportionately higher than the other two categories. Further research is needed to ferret out any identifiable variable that would support this evidence. It is important to note for further discussion that the test statistic calculated high enough to the critical value that based on a larger sample size, a possibility may still exist that a dependent relationship is real, but not within our sample. Eating breakfast has been determined beneficial for adults and children alike, if research could identify correlations, education could be tailored to specific at risk groups and encourage those within the preferred band of dependency.

Gram Definition and Examples in Science

Gram Definition and Examples in Science A gram is a unit of mass in the metric system defined as one thousandth (1 x 10-3) of a kilogram. Originally, the gram was defined as a unit equal to the mass of one cubic centimeter of pure water at 4 °C (the temperature at which water has maximum density). The definition was changed when the base units for the International System of Units (SI) were redefined by the 26th General Conference of Weights and Measures. The change went into effect May 20, 2019. The symbol for the gram is the lowercase letter g. Incorrect symbols include gr (the symbol for grains), Gm (the symbol for the gigameter), and gm (easily confused with the symbol for the gram-meter, gâ‹…m). Gram may also be spelled gramme. Key Takeaways: Gram Definition The gram is a unit of mass.One gram is one thousandth the mass of one kilogram. The previous definition of the gram was the absolute weight of a 1-centimeter cube of pure water at 4  °C.The symbol for the gram is g.The gram is a small unit of mass. It is approximately the mass of one small paper clip. Examples of Gram Weight Because a gram is a small unit of weight, its size may be difficult for many people to visualize. Here are common examples of objects that have about one gram of mass: A small paperclipA thumbtackA piece of chewing gumOne US billA pen capOne cubic centimeter (milliliter) of waterA quarter teaspoon of sugar Useful Gram Conversion Factors Grams may be converted into several other units of measurement. Some common conversion factors include: 1 gram (1 g) 5 carats (5 ct)1 gram (1 g) 10-3 kilograms (10-3 kg)1 gram (1 g) 15.43236 grains (gr)1 troy ounce (ozt) 31.1035 g1 gram 8.98755179Ãâ€"1013 joules (J)500 grams 1 Jin (Chinese unit of measurement)1 avoirdupois ounce (oz) 28.3495 grams (g) Uses of the Gram The gram is widely used in science, particular chemistry and physics. Outside of the United States, the gram is used to measure non-liquid cooking ingredients and produce (e.g., flour, sugar, bananas). Relative composition for food nutrition labels is stated per 100 grams of product, even within the United States. History of the Gram In 1795, the French National Convention replaced the gravet with the gramme in the metric system. While the term changed, the definition remained that of the weight of one cubic centimeter of water. The word gramme came from the Latin word gramma which in turn derived from the Greek word grmma. The grmma was a unit used in Late Antiquity (around the 4th century AD) equal to two oboli (Greek coins) or one twenty-fourth part of an ounce. The gram was a fundamental unit of mass in the centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system in the 19th century. The meter-kilogram-second (MKS) system of units was proposed in 1901, but the CGS and MKS systems co-exists throughout the early to mid 20th century. The MKS system became the system of base units in 1960. However, the gram was still defined based on the mass of water. In 2019, the gram was defined based on the kilogram. The kilogram has a mass almost exactly equal to that of one liter of water, but its definition has been refined, too. In 2018, Plancks constant was defined. This allowed definition of the kilogram in terms of the second and the meter. Plancks constant h  is defined to be  6.62607015Ãâ€"10−34  and equal to one kilogram meter squared per second (kgâ‹…m2â‹…s−1). Even so, standard masses for the kilogram still exist and are used as secondary standards for kilogram and gram weights. For all practical purposes, a liter of pure water has a mas s of one kilogram and a milliliter of pure water has the mass of one gram. Sources Materese, Robin (November 16, 2018). Historic Vote Ties Kilogram and Other Units to Natural Constants. NIST.  National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices. NIST Handbook. 44 (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. ISSN 0271-4027.

Top 10 Skills You Need for a Career in Customer Service

Top 10 Skills You Need for a Career in Customer Service You may think customer service jobs are a breeze, but if you’ve never had one, you might be in for a bit of a shock. There is actually a great deal of both hard and soft skills involved. The hard skills speak for themselves and are usually a no brainer with any experience. Can you talk to people? Handle transactions, etc.? Then you’re probably just fine. The soft skills are the ones you’ll need to work on.Here are the top 10.1. ResilienceYou need to cultivate the ability to let things roll right off your back. That means interactions with rude customers or hostile clients- or even stressed-out bosses- need to not impact your overall disposition. Try not to take things too personally. Take responsibility when things are your fault- and work to fix them. Dig deep, build your resilience, and succeed.2. ConfidenceThis is probably important in every job, as a foundation for so many other qualities, but also crucial for customer service positions. Why? Because if youâ €™re confident, your customer will have confidence in you (and, in turn, the company).3. PatienceThis is probably part of resilience. But you will encounter slow people, rude people, old people, and every kind of inane question. Having the patience to roll with whatever comes your way and not letting a few little things overwhelm you or throw you off your job performance is key.4. Communication SkillsTalking to customers, as well as communicating with your managers and co-workers, is crucial- even moreso in customer service positions. If you can’t make this skill one of the jewels in your crown, forget it.5. TeamworkEven though a lot of the job is interfacing with clients and customers, you will have to function as part of a team. Try not to slack off or only attend to your own tasks. Think of yourself as a part of a team- the team being the entire company. Do this by building your emotional intelligence, or EQ.6. ListeningA major part of communicating is listening. Try t o work on active listening: make eye contact, nod along, repeat important things back to show you’re taking in what’s important to your client. Ask clarifying questions to prove you understand their situation. The important thing is to make your customer feel heard.7. PositivityThese jobs can involve long hours and not a huge amount of salary, not to mention troubleshooting, merchandise, and dealing with disgruntled people. Try to keep a positive outlook and focus on what you can do to make the experience better- for your coworkers, your clients, and yourself.8. AssertivenessThere are some situations in which the customer isn’t always right- and you will have to say no. Don’t veer into being aggressive or demanding, but do learn how to make your voice strong and steady and clear when it needs to be.9. EmpathyRemember that customers are people too. You don’t necessarily know what they’re going through or what they have waiting for them at hom e. Try not to treat them like annoying robots taking up so much of your time and energy. Put yourself in their shoes as often as you can.10. HumorIf you bring nothing else to a customer service job, a sense of humor will steer you in the right direction. Defuse stressful situations, endear yourself to bosses, colleagues, and clients alike. And be charitable; laugh at others’ jokes, even if they aren’t as funny as yours. Laugh with people, not at them.

Regulating Corporate Power and Company Law in United Kingdom Essay

Regulating Corporate Power and Company Law in United Kingdom - Essay Example Pirg, 2007)1. Though this can be seen as a positive development by Congress, in favour of public interest, a lot more needs to be done in protecting the public. There is a lot to be desired, but governments around the world face stiff legislative moves by an entity, that seeks to make the most of their interest at the interest of the public- the corporate. On 3 October 2002, the contract of the British Railway with Railtrack came to an end, which initiated the government to establish Network Rail as the new contractor, provided Network Rail guaranteed that it would reinvest the profits into further railway infrastructure development in the pursuit of a safer and more reliable railway system. On closer observation, it is clear that these guarantees raise serious concerns in respect of the accountability of Network Rail; firstly, as its status as a private sector organisation, and secondly, its implications for the Treasury and the tax payer. This view could have been avoided had the Government adopted an alternative approach, commonly referred to as a 'government sponsored enterprise'. This would have given the government more authority in handling such a vital transport system in the country. This was not to be, and the government again goofed up an opportunity to gain increased control of the railway infrastructure at a significantly reduced price. The corporate was successful in twisting the government arm to its benefit (Lisa Whitehouse, 2003)2. Large, transnational corporations (TNC) are becoming increasingly powerful. Additional problems result from a variety of social injustice and human rights violations. This is not to say that corporates are a bane to society, but the muscle power of corporates to dictate and run policies in their favour is most disturbing. Profits are the driving factor, and not workers satisfaction. Corporates work tirelessly to improve their market presence and in the bargain, has no time or inclination to focus on the treatment vetted to their co-workers, or how society and the environment are affected. Sometimes, the role of these multinational giants can be seen in the backdrop of deliberate abdication of social clauses and regulations to maximise their profits. These companies manipulate international trade pacts and agreements, in order to maximise profits, such as cheap labour, government incentives and subsidies, tax rebates and so on (Anup Shah, 2002)3. Tax avoidance adds to the woes of the general public. Suppressing the formation of workers union to fight for their co-workers justice, these corporates run the show to their advantage at all levels. The future for the workers looks

Business Letter and inforaml report Research Proposal

Business Letter and inforaml report - Research Proposal Example Based on the result, we are confident that the problem was not caused by mishandling of our employees. Our daily operation strictly follows Standards for Safekeeping of our stocks and Proper Handling of Customer orders, and our employees assured as of 100% loyalty and sincerity of service. In connection with this matter, I would like to request your good office to look towards this problem, and could you please give us an assurance that the customers will keep the new cookware on that basis instead of returning it for a credit or a refund. Please give us some feedbacks regarding this matter. Your cooperation will be highly appreciated. We are looking forward for more years of working with you. Please call us if you need our help in any way. Yours sincerely, Tammy Martin President - Martin's Department Store Purpose of the Study Re-establish the competitive edge of Phoenix Advertising Agency - Roanoke Branch in Virginia. I. Introduction A. Brief Presentation of the Roanoke's Background B. Presentation of the Objectives C. Presentation of the Problems II. Research Proper The Study will focus on the 5 important factors stated below: A. Conduct Research on Working Force a.1 Are the existing supervisory staff able to perform their duties well a.2. Study on interaction between each staff from executive level down to the lowest level a.2.1 Interaction between department heads and subordinates. a.2.2 Review on each employees work description and job functions. a.2.3 Evaluate each employees productivity ratings. a.3. Provision on Salaries and Wages of the employees. B. Review of Roanoke's Financial Statements b.1 Review of all Expenses Report b.2 Review of Profit Report b.3 Review on Budget Allocation Report C. Staff Training c.1 Conduct study for trainings required by each employee to carry out their task successfully c.2 Review for budget allocation on Staff Training Expenses D. The Company and the People around it d.1 Conduct research of problems arising from the neighboring community d.2 Conduct research on how to maintain the loyalty of clients d.3 Conduct study on the company's competitors background and behavior. E. Facilities Upgrade f.1 Conduct research for new technologies that could be used for the company's ongoing operation. III. Discussion A. Review of related literatures B. Presentation of Critical Analysis of the 5 important factors needed for the company's survival. IV. Proposals and Recommendations A. Presentations of proposals and recommendations B. Presentation of the advantages and disadvantages that the new recommendations could provide V. Conclusion Presentation of the

Legal institution and method. (legal court system of UK) Essay

Legal institution and method. (legal court system of UK) - Essay Example Sanders, Young, and Burton’s statement shows their better insight of the English court system and its operations. This is because of the statement’s awareness of the structure of the legal system and penalizing policies. The English court system supports conviction reductions if the defendant makes a guilty plea promptly. The United Kingdom’s legal system benefits from this practice economically and politically. These advantages are felt more today, which makes the public, witnesses, and those harmed by the accused see as if defendants cannot find a way around the system2. When defendants too begin viewing the system this way, they tend to plead guilty when their cases reach trial. Consequentially, the defendants forego their rights to an adversarial trial, which is what the authors observed in the statement3. The few defendants who refuse to tolerate this attitude of the court system are less probable to make a prompt plea. Instead, such defendants consider the proof against them before making such a decision. United Kingdom’s court system does not offer sufficient legal or financial support for higher degrees of guilty pleas past the present recommendation range of equal to 33%4. A survey conducted to determine what the public and judiciary officials think of this kind of support found out that just a fifth of UK’s residents believe there shouldn’t be a decrease in guilty pleas. The same survey discovered that few victims of criminal cases supported the reduction of guilty pleas if it prevented them from giving their testimonies before court5. Many defendants in the UK are not in favor of the idea of a universal approach to barriers to guilty pleas or mandatory adversarial trials. The survey realized the public was less probable to the support the idea of a more merciful conviction for a defendant pleading guilty to

E-business Innovative Marketing Strategy

E-business Innovative Marketing Strategy Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Background The term E-business is todays popular form of business by using old business models with the interaction of technology and gaining the most out of customer value and profits which is the future way of doing business. In E-business as like bubbles are bursting there is constant threats about security, but e-business is increasing to a whole new level, and will most likely keep doing so in the near future. In the latest years Internet has proved as a very important marketing tool. By the use of the Internet the companies have developed relationships with the customers by using different systems in promotion and sales. So the inception of Internet has had effect on the way the individuals and organizations communicate around the world (Doole and Lowe, 2004). Briefly, in the last years marketing has gone online taking advantage of the market opportunities. The estimates regarding the amount of business conducted electronically vary widely, but it is clear electronic business and electronic commerce have gained tremendous momentum worldwide over the past decade. Much media attention was given to the dot-com boom, but has since waned following the dot-com bust and economic downturn of the early 2000s. Despite the dot-com bust, it is clear many successful electronic businesses will evolve and thrive for many years, e.g., eBay and Ocado. Nonetheless, E-business sector has become an increasingly competitive and dynamic business environment within the past decade. Consumers perceive firms having a web site as more customer-oriented, responsive, informative, high-tech, sophisticated, and likely to stay in business longer (Griffith et al., 1998). These discerning and demanding consumers have led many innovative organizations to look for appropriate marketing strategy on the internet marketplace with the aim of building better business position; on the one hand value into service offerings, satisfying and maintaining loyal customer and on the other hand effectively making strategic decisions thereby increasing the overall business performance. The ability to retain and lock-in customers in the face of competition is a major concern for online businesses, especially those that invest heavily in advertising and customer acquisition stares. However, creation of loyal and a satisfied customer base is an important determinant of marketing success. Research shows that loyal customers buy more of company’s product, they are cheaper to serve, less sensitive to price and brings in more customers by word of mouth (Reichheld, 1996). Therefore, developing, managing and maintaining loyal marketing relationship of the internet market place for instance is harmonious to how well you are marketing. Thus knowing how well you are marketing as a firm and making innovative marketing strategy to perform better in future which is required and inevitable in such a marketplace as the internet. Obviously, decision making is essential about organization strategy to determine the future direction (Johnson Scholes, 1997). The prime function of management is perhaps to make the right strategic decisions. According to Johnson Scholes, (1997) strategic or long-term decisions are concerned with an organizations overall objectives. Such corporate decisions include major capital investments, sources of finance, and product and market choices. Practically, the long-term directions are affected by strategic decisions of an organisation and are generally about attempting to complete some benefit for the company. Therefore, with the range of a company’s action are likely to be affected: Does (and should) the company focus on one area of action, or does it have many? The issue of range of action is fundamental to strategic performance (Johnson Scholes, 1997). In marketing strategy pricing is one of the most talked about but least understood of all the key marketing levers (DiCamillo 1996). Price is also the easiest of the marketing mix variables to manipulate and can be done so very quickly (Guiltinan and Paul 1985). The proliferation of e-commerce has already had a significant impact on how and where consumers shop. It also has the potential to make dramatic changes in the way goods are priced and how purchase decisions are made. In Internet shopping the cost (in both time and money) of comparison shopping is drastically decreased and price is a major element in purchase decision. A marketing manager strategically sets pricing to achieve the company’s objective. 1.2 Rationale In e-business innovative marketing strategy change over the life cycle of a firm (Miller and Friesen, 1984) the strategy systems emerge over time, in response to changes in strategic goals, the business environment and the size of the firm. However the question of which marketing strategy is required for achieving to a goal or an objective. In this sense what marketing e-strategy required for? Implicitly, related to the current study by evaluating marketing e-strategy one firm going to make their future crucial decisions to improve their firm’s more in online business. Needless to say, marketing strategies depend upon basis for decision making and reflect the customers needs as well as the firms simultaneously. Companies and researches reflects the customers satisfaction and needs by calculating price, feature, amount, cycle time, effectiveness, output etc., of the products, services, and procedure as long as ways to calculate those things have to be present (Tapinos et al, 20 05). What is new and has attracted little attention to some extent is to evaluate marketing e-strategy using decision- making variables and to see the impact on strategic decisions. This clearly shows those not only find the appropriate marketing e-strategy but in order to better control, understand, and improve what firms do and must do. In this research there are two different cases virtual company; one is basically auction store eBay and another grocery store Ocado. The main reason to select different category companies because both are doing e-business and through this research it’s going to be defining their marketing e-strategies and implementing in the market are approximately same. That’s why this study evaluates two different category virtual stores and compares their marketing e-strategies. Therefore this study goes beyond just required marketing strategy using the internet as a market place but is a bold attempt to evaluate e-strategy using decision making variables and to see the impact on strategic decisions. 1.3 Significant of the Research The marketing discipline has been showing to different changes and powerful challenges into the business stadium with the induction and dispersion of the online phenomenon. Constantly since this new multimedia surroundings of exchange appeared, many research have been performed about how it will influence the nature and prospect of marketing activities. This research is an attempt to categorize and summarize the literature about online marketing and enlighten the study routes that will contribute to the development of the discipline. In reality, most firms will need to plan marketing strategies for both traditional or place aspects of the business, and the fast developing electronic or space dimensions of the business (Rayport ; Sviokla, 1994). Both approaches need to be co-ordinated in a cost effective manner whilst providing the customer with an effective and integrated solution. Some research has reported that the early adopters of e-business show a trend towards cost reductions and administrative efficiencies from e-procurement and self service applications used by customers and employees. By contrast, more mature users focus on strategic advantage and generate this through an evolutionary model of organisational change (Ash and Burn, 2005). Researchers have also recognised the importance of the extension of e-commerce use to small and medium sized businesses in order to realise improvements in efficiency and effectiveness (Hauge et. al, 2004) Managers need to contemplate their strategic approach to the electronic business opportunity in terms of both internal and external considerations at a particular point in time. Based on recent research (Perrott, 2002), this paper proposes a tentative framework that will assist managers to determine their organisation’s strategic positioning in the electronic arena. 1.4 Aims Objectives Aim To identify what might be appropriate marketing strategies for this new era e-business. Objectives To review literature on current developments in online marketing strategies. Identify the e-strategies of the cases eBay and Ocado. Review the strengths weaknesses of e-strategies. Identify immediate competition and implications for the cases eBay and Ocado. How do customers react to the marketing e-strategies? 1.5 Purpose and Research Questions The purpose of this thesis is to define required innovative marketing strategy of virtual stores using decision-making associated variables sternly to evaluate the impact on strategic marketing decisions. There are many issues connected to this research problem, but we will only focus on certain aspects and a complete picture will therefore not be provided. The research questions we intend to answer are: RQ1. What are the objectives for online marketing? RQ2. How can the online product offer be described? RQ3. How can the online pricing strategy be described? RQ4. How is the Web site used as a communication, promotion medium, distribution and transaction medium? RQ5. What influential innovative marketing e-strategy evaluation variables or indicators are associated with strategic marketing decisions in the online marketplace? 1.6 Scope and Limitations This research will show the continuing progress in digitization and networking that is manifested in the rapid spread of the internet, information about product attributes, marketing strategy and especially in pricing process – which has long been considered a concomitant part of any article placed on the market – is now distributed independently from the product itself. The growth in digitization has significantly increased a company’s freedom to both combine and diversify products, thereby enabling them to easily produce and offer a wide variety of product versions to their customers. Moreover, progress in networking has substantially increased the speed at which various product-related information can be distributed. At the same time, it has considerably expanded the range over which such information can be disseminated. This research identifies the major scope and content of the studies about Internet marketing and displays the current state of the discipline. It also enlightens the main avenues or niche routes for future research by clarifying under investigated or unsettled areas. The framework of this review can serve as a skeleton explaining the accumulated state of knowledge about Internet marketing and can be a useful starting point for studies aiming to expand the views about this area further. The current research has been limited and concentrated on required innovative marketing strategy up to company-level eBay and Ocado. The research is focused on evaluating virtual store marketing strategy for strategic decisions. Consequently, plethora of researchers have measured marketing strategy from diverse perspectives such as the financial perspective, process and supplier’s perspective, employee’s perspective innovation and development perspective. The current study mainly focuses on the customer’s perspective. The primary focus was on the online marketplace industry where the business model is emerging and fast spreading. Further the focal point will be on business to consumers (B2C). The companies studied involve UK firms providing service to UK users. The firms studied are eBay and Ocado. The study was limited to customers or users within London, city in UK. 1.7 Signposting of the Study Chapter One: Introduction In order to improve a product or services to satisfy a need of a customer, once have to be able to improve or change it to meet their needs. In order to improve or change it, there is the need to know what the customer desire or want. In order to know and understand it, once have to be required innovative marketing strategy in online market. This first chapter will present the background and rationale behind innovative marketing e-strategy especially in pricing and the impact on strategic decisions in the online marketplace. Further this section will present the issue regarding marketing e-strategy which will lead to the purpose of this study. Chapter Two: Literature Review This chapter provides relevant existing theories and models of marketing e-strategy specially pricing in the online market place as well as a model modified by the author. The working model builds upon the presented theories and is used as a foundation for the following analysis. Chapter Three: Research Methodology Strategy In this chapter, the research methodology strategy is presented. The research approach that has been adopted in order to answer the research questions and to meet the purpose is described and motivated. The research methods used in this work are as well described and discussed. Chapter Four: Empirical Analysis In this chapter the results of both the qualitative and quantitative research are presented. The results will follow the outline of the working model. A brief companies overview are also presented. Chapter Five: Analysis In this chapter the analysis and discussion of the empirical data will be presented. The analysis is assessed through the two major issues in the study along with the working model. Chapter Six: Conclusion This chapter includes the conclusions of the research as well as reflections for recommendations, a discussion of the limitations and suggestions for further studies. Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 Online Marketing Objectives Online marketing can be described as a system for selling products and services to target audiences who use the Internet and commercial online services by utilizing online tools and services in a strategic manner consistent with the company’s overall marketing program (Janal, 1997, p. 39). Before going online, the company needs to have a marketing plan that is consistent with the goals and objectives set by the company. It is necessary to decide what the company wants to accomplish by going online (Janal, 1997). Pitt, Berthon and Watson (1996) point out that the objectives for marketing through Web sites vary depending on the company, but that many organizations do not even have clear and quantified objectives for being present on the WWW. Companies must divert from the thinking that even a bad Web site is better than none at all, because without clear objectives it will be hard to make appropriate marketing strategy through the Web site’s effectiveness. The Web site can be characterized as something of a mix between personal selling and advertising and can move the customer through the six phases of the buying process: need recognition, information processing, develop specifications, search and evaluation, purchase and post-purchase evaluation. By attracting Internet surfers, establish contact with interested surfers, transform some of the interested surfers into interactive customers and keep these customers interactive, the Web site is acting as a mean to push the customer through the buying process. Converting surfers into customers can be considered a six-stage conversion process. The efficiency of the Web site in reaching the marketing communication objectives set for it, as well as in taking the surfer through the six stages of the conversion process, is shown in Table 2.1. (Pitt, Berthon Watson, 1996) Even though most companies wish their Web site to generate direct response orders and thereby set marketing communication objectives, there are many other objectives that can be achieved by marketing online (Mathiesen, 1995): Generate direct response orders. Increase brand awareness or corporate image. Gather information about customer preferences to help guide future product development. Improve customer service. Test consumer response to discounts or other special offers. Build a list of prospects for future promotions. Find business partners, dealers, or franchisees for company’s products. Recruit talent members, employees, subscribers, etc. Table 2.1: A Model of the Conversion Process on the Web *An overall average Web site efficiency index, which can be thought of as a summary of the entire process. Source: Adapted from Pitt, Berthon Watson, 1996, p. 8 According to Janal (1997), the Internet is the world’s most efficient marketing tool and helps companies disseminate sales and marketing messages, create one-to-one relationships, educate prospects and support existing customers on a worldwide scale. The Internet provides the possibility to deal with customers worldwide that have pre-selected a specific company. Firms can use the Internet to generate revenues by increasing sales to existing customers and by attracting new customers (Peterson, Balasubramanian Bronnenberg, 1997). The Internet is an important marketing tool because the market prefers the decentralized, open-access environment presented by the WWW for E-commerce (Hoffman Novak, 1996b). The Internet possesses unique features making it appropriate for creating close customer relationships (Honeycutt, Flaherty Benassi, 1998). Janal (1997) proposes that the flexible publishing platforms of the Internet and commercial online services gives the marketer the possibility to establish relationships with the consumers. The relationships are created through online sales, support and service. On the Internet, the customers and the company are interacting with each other and this gives a very intimate selling situation (Janal, 1997). However, no physical intimidation exists between buyer and seller and no middle parties may interrupt the communication process (Samli, Wills Herbig, 1997). Quelch and Klein (1996), as well as Sanden (1998) claim that the Internet is not constrained by either location or time. For the millions of individuals connected to the Internet, traditional limitations of time and distance no longer apply. The computer in Sweden or Hong Kong is just as close are the office next door. Messages can be sent to thousands of potential customers simultaneously with one keystroke (Cronin, 1994). Furthermore, the Web site is completely accessible, since it can be read 24 hours a day, 365 days per year (Samli, Wills Herbig, 1997). The Web site can be used to create customized sales presentations affecting several senses and appealing to logic and benefits. Consumers can pick the sales presentation and information they want (Janal, 1997). By using a variety of Internet resources, the company can create a customer-oriented environment while obtaining information about customers’ specific interests, responses to new product offerings and feedback on the company’s performance. Additionally, the Internet offers the possibility for online ordering and delivery. Customers logging on to the Internet can continue to receive enhanced support services through the network. (Cronin, 1994) The Internet provides quick feedback on the effectiveness of marketing activities, enabling performance-based marketing (Burke, 1997). Marketers can test both new product concepts and advertising copy over the Internet for instant feedback. In addition, the Internet permits new types of measurement tools, such as online surveys, bulletin boards, e-mail marketing lists, customer identification systems, advertising measurement and Web visitor tracking. (Quelch Klein, 1996) The fact that the Internet is neither time- nor location-bound can have a major impact on costs. Customers do much of the work that would normally be handled by office-clerks or human tellers (Sheth Sisodia, 1999). According to Sandà ©n (1998), the Internet increases the company’s efficiency. By publishing information on the WWW, the sales process can be improved and thus, the productivity rises considerably. In addition, the time spent to process orders is lowered dramatically. Less errors and facilitated processing has led to substantial time-savings. The automation of various administrative tasks is another reason for the increased efficiency and the possibility to serve a vast amount of customers effectively (Sheth Sisodia, 1999). Administration costs related to paper-based processes such as postage, printing, and handling, will be reduced. (ibm.com) The WWW is the least expensive printing press and offers the seller an unlimited amount of space to describe and demonstrate the product range. Add to this the low rent compared to storefront, and it is clear that selling online means low cost of entry (Hoffman Novak, 1996; Janal, 1997). Jà ¤ger and Winberg (1996) underline the cost-effectiveness of the WWW by claiming that the costs are independent of the number of people exposed to the message, as well as how much information that is to be presented. They compare the WWW to a printed catalogue, where the costs are very much depending on these factors. It is proposed that performing direct marketing through the Internet may be one-fourth less costly than through traditional channels. The great segmentation possibilities and the low cost for creating differentiated messages on the WWW are also mentioned. As a conclusion, Jà ¤ger and Winberg (1996) point out that the cost-effectiveness for presenting messages on the WWW is dependin g on whether the target group is on the Web. The success of the campaign in relation to the costs of executing it must also be considered in order to evaluate the cost-effectiveness. By marketing online, the company gains competitive advantages compared to companies who are not online. The Internet also reduces the issues of company size, since consumers only care that they find the product needed at the right price. (Janal, 1997; Sandà ©n, 1998; Sheth Sisodia, 1999) 2.2 The Online Product Offer According to Brà ¤nnback (1997), the focus in marketing automatically changes from physical to informational when uses the Internet. In the traditional marketplace, the idea of the product is physical or tangible and occasionally accompanied by intangible features or services. On the Web site, a picture or description of its features will replace the physical product, and thus, the product becomes informational rather than tangible. Not all products are suitable for online marketing. Peterson, Balasubramanian Bronnenberg (1997) categorize products and services along three dimensions that are relevant when discussing the product’s suitability for online marketing. The dimensions are: value proposition, degree of differentiation, and cost and frequency of purchase. Concerning the first dimension, goods can either be low-cost, frequently purchased goods, or high-cost, infrequently purchased goods. The product is more likely to fit internet-based marketing if it is infrequently purchased and expensive. Goods can be classified along the second dimension according to whether they are tangible and physical, or intangible and service related. Online marketing is particularly well suited for certain types of intangible or service related goods. The third dimension reflects to what extent the product is differentiable or not. The Internet is an effective segmentation tool when it comes to products or services that can be subject to differentiation. Peterson, Balasubramanian and Bronnenberg (1997) illustrate the product and service classification grid presented below. (Table 2.2) Table 2.2: Product and Service Classification Grid Low outlay, frequently purchased goods Value proposition